Exceptional Universal Significance
Concise Summary
The temple dedicated to Apollo Epicurius stands proudly in the sanctuary of Bassae within the Arkadian mountains. Renowned as one of the finest-preserved relics from classical antiquity, it serves as a powerful representation of Greek architectural prowess. Its architectural components and historical significance are profound.
Constructed during the zenith of Greek civilization in the latter part of the 5th century BC (around 420-400 BC), the temple was built by the Phigaleians in gratitude to Apollo Epicurius for shielding them from plague and invasion. The ancient traveler Pausanias noted the temple’s beauty in 174 AD, attributing its design to Iktinos, who also designed the Parthenon.
For nearly 1700 years, the temple was largely forgotten until its rediscovery in the 18th century, prompting significant interest from scholars and artists alike. The temple’s secluded setting helped preserve many of its notable features. As one of the earliest structures post-Parthenon, it uniquely combines all three classical Greek architectural orders—Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian—along with the earliest known Corinthian column capital. Additionally, it showcases several bold and pioneering architectural designs that marked a crucial evolution in temple construction. By skillfully integrating contrasting elements, the architect achieved a blend of historical and contemporary styles, enhancing the monument’s overall architectural and artistic significance. The temple, along with its sculptural decorations, remains one of the best-preserved examples from the apex of ancient Greek civilization (5th century BC).
Criterion (i): The Temple of Bassae exemplifies a distinctive artistic accomplishment, notable for its archaic traits (an elongated surface, a remarkable ratio of 15 columns on the longer side paired with 6 on the façade, and a north-south orientation) as well as its groundbreaking innovations, like the incorporation of Ionic and Corinthian styles into a Doric structure, diverse materials, and the creativity of the cella’s and adyton’s layout.
Criterion (ii): The capital of the central column is recognized as the oldest remaining Corinthian capital, making the temple a prototype for future Corinthian constructions in subsequent Greek, Roman, and later civilizations.
Criterion (iii): Situated in a preserved natural context, the Temple of Apollo is an exemplary model of a Hellenic votive sanctuary set in a rustic environment.
Integrity
The World Heritage site encompasses all essential features that embody its Outstanding Universal Value. The monument’s integrity is primarily maintained through its relative isolation and the classification of the surrounding area as an archaeological site. Key aspects of the temple, including its outer colonnade and many interior architectural elements, remain remarkably well-preserved. However, the sculpted decorative frieze that was an integral component of the temple’s design was removed in 1812 and is currently housed in the British Museum, along with the Corinthian capital.
Effective management measures are in place to promote the ongoing conservation of the entire site, which includes a protective shelter and a water runoff system to mitigate damage from severe weather.
Authenticity
The temple’s remoteness has facilitated a notable degree of authenticity. After lying forgotten for 1700 years, the structure experienced no significant alterations post its 5th-century completion, allowing nearly all original materials to be preserved. Thus, the temple is among the most authentic constructions of this era.
The establishment of an extensive conservation zone around the monument has ensured its preservation within its original natural landscape. Efforts for restoration and conservation adhere to international principles, with any necessary additions made from local limestone similar to the materials used in the original structure. The temple and its nearly unaltered surroundings evoke awe in modern visitors, providing a glimpse of the initial artistic and architectural trends that shaped their evolution.
Protection and Management Standards
The site is safeguarded under Law No. 3028/2002, related to the “Protection of Antiquities and Cultural Heritage.” The area surrounding the Temple of Apollo Epicurius is classified as an archaeological site (Ministerial Decree 44671/1836/5-11-1986). Following various appropriations, an additional 4.5 hectares were added to the archaeological site in 1996. The property boasts an adequate buffer zone, with no buildings in the vicinity obstructing views of the temple or archaeological site.
Oversight and management of the property fall under the Ministry of Culture, Education and Religious Affairs, particularly the Ephorate of Antiquities of Eleia, which is tasked with preserving and protecting the monument. The establishment of the Committee for the Conservation of the Temple in 1975 aims to enhance the supervision of essential conservation efforts. Restoration began in 2001 and is ongoing, funded by state budgets and European Union resources.
The monument and its vicinity are continuously monitored and secured to reduce vandalism risks. Primary threats to the property arise from inherent structural vulnerabilities and adverse environmental conditions, including extreme temperatures, high winds, moisture, and seismic activity. Ongoing restoration efforts address these challenges, with measures such as an antiseismic netting and a lightning protection system installed at the temple. Future initiatives will continue current restoration efforts, including replacing the protective shelter to mitigate weather-related damage and installing a permanent water supply system for enhanced fire safety across the property.
