Xuanzang: The Monk Who Bridged Cultures
The revered Chinese mythological tale, “Xi You Ji” (Pilgrimage to the West), has immortalized the figure of Tang Seng, a character inspired by the real-life monk Xuanzang (602-664). This remarkable figure made significant contributions to Buddhism and education throughout his life.
Known also as Tang Sanzang, Xuanzang was a key proponent of the Idealistic School of thought, recognized for translating an extensive array of Buddhist texts. His impact on Buddhist history is profound and enduring.
Beginning his journey as a monk at the tender age of 12, Xuanzang fully embraced the monastic life by 21. He delved into the study of sacred texts from India and developed a thorough understanding of Buddhist teachings. However, contentment eluded him due to the confusion stemming from various Chinese translations. Determined to deepen his knowledge, Xuanzang made the daring choice to journey to India—the source of authentic Buddhist wisdom. The aim was clear: to engage with original scriptures and converse with fellow monks to detect inaccuracies in the translations he had encountered in China.
In 629, Xuanzang set off from Chang’an, now known as Xi’an, on his ambitious expedition westward. His travels led him along what is known today as the Silk Road, traversing the Xinjiang Autonomous Region and extending into Central Asia, culminating in his arrival in India. Throughout his journey, he was met with commendable hospitality and respect from those he encountered. His explorations included visits to revered Buddhist sites across diverse nations, where he absorbed various cultural influences. After a remarkable journey, Xuanzang returned to Chang’an in 645, bringing back with him an array of scriptures, Buddha statues, and relics.
The remainder of Xuanzang’s life was dedicated to teaching and translating Buddhism at the Da Ci’en Temple in Chang’an. He achieved the translation of 75 significant works encompassing 1,335 volumes into Chinese, along with translations of major texts like Laozi’s teachings and the Mahayana Shraddhotpada Shastra into Sanskrit for dissemination in India. His tireless efforts established Chang’an as a pivotal hub for Buddhism across the globe.
Xuanzang’s account, “Report of the Regions West of Great Tang,” provided invaluable insights into the societies and landscapes of Central Asia, India, Nepal, and Pakistan during the 7th century. This compilation also served as a significant commentary on Indian geography from that era. The influence of Indian Buddhism on Chinese literature was substantial, enriching Chinese art forms such as painting, sculpture, architecture, and music. Xuanzang thus played a vital role in fostering cross-cultural communication.
Concerned about the advancement of Buddhist education, Xuanzang also mentored numerous distinguished disciples, including those from Japan and Korea, who would go on to carry the teachings of Chinese Buddhism back to their own cultures.
