Achilleus serves as the focal point in Homer’s Iliad, embodying a complex blend of heroism and antiheroism. The narrative begins with a powerful invocation: “Sing, goddess, the wrath of Achilleus, son of Peleus.” This rage defines Achilleus and leads to catastrophic outcomes for the Achaeans, resulting in the deaths of many heroes and leaving them vulnerable to the whims of animals. His overwhelming wrath marks him as both an antihero and an archetype of heroism.
At the outset, Achilleus is consumed by anger towards his commander and chooses to withdraw from battle. This defiance allows Hector and the Trojans to invade the Achaean camp, leading to significant Greek losses. Even when faced with attempts by wise figures like Odysseus and his mentor, Phoenix, to persuade him, Achilleus remains obstinate, driven by pride and a sense of honor. Unlike many heroes with divine lineage, Achilleus’ mother is the sea goddess Thetis—not the goddess of love, which sets him apart. The power of the sea reflects his temperament; it can be calm yet transforms into a formidable force when provoked. Historical allusions to the Persian fleet illustrate the peril associated with the sea around his birthplace, reinforcing Thetis’s might.
Despite his flaws—anger, insubordination, pride—Achilleus also possesses commendable traits. The nature of his relationship with his cousin Patroclus invites speculation, yet it culminates in his decision to rejoin the struggle to avenge Patroclus’s death. Honor in battle for friends and kin was a crucial tenet for the Greeks. Such sentiments are echoed on both sides in the conflict, conferring a sense of camaraderie essential for warriors, particularly in the classical era.
In terms of physical prowess, Achilleus embodies the ideal warrior; he is celebrated for his exceptional speed and skill. The phrase “swift of foot” epitomizes his athleticism, emphasizing that quickness can be a decisive advantage in combat. This characteristic resonates even in the admiration expressed by historical figures like Alexander the Great, who aspired to emulate Achilleus not through sheer strength but swiftness, famously considering participation in the Olympics.
Achilleus represents both the epitome of military excellence and the warning against certain pitfalls. His story offers lessons: disobeying superior officers, no matter their merits, puts one’s comrades at risk; solitude in battle can lead to devastating losses. The pursuit of vengeance, as Achilleus ultimately learns, is often belated and lacking purpose. He comes to understand that protecting allies in combat is paramount, a lesson solidified by the wisdom appearing in the later Odyssey era.
Ultimately, Achilleus realizes that the legacy of glory holds little value in death—living has greater significance. His youth, however, is often swayed by potent emotions over sound judgment, deepening his portrayal as a multifaceted character wrestling with the cost of pride and the weight of honor.
