The unconventional deity known as Bes, often viewed as unattractive, held a cherished role as a protector of the household and childbirth. Remarkably, he was also believed to have the ability to cure impotence.
A Unique Entity in Egyptian Mythology
Upon encountering the block carving of Bes in Dendera’s courtyard, it’s impossible not to feel a certain affection for him. Unlike the more conventional gods and goddesses typically depicted with animal heads on temple walls, Bes stands out as a one-of-a-kind character within the vast Egyptian pantheon. Alastair Sooke’s vivid description in Frieze highlights the eccentricity of this “grotesque little fellow”: with a stocky build, he is characterized by a pot-belly, flabby proportions, and a playful, yet fierce, expression crafted by his wild beard and lion-like mane. His stance, which appears almost as if he is preparing to defecate, coupled with his protruding genitals, concludes with a clownish stick-out tongue, emphasizing his humorous side.
Another striking aspect of Bes is that, alongside the cow-eared deity Hathor, he is uniquely presented frontally, while most Egyptian gods are shown in profile.
Popularity and Representation
Bes enjoyed widespread appeal, frequently appearing on domestic items and protective amulets. For instance, his likeness could be seen on cosmetic jars, a convenient connection considering that both men and women in ancient Egypt utilized makeup to shield themselves from sun and insects—imparting a layer of association with their guardian essence.
Known for embodying a blend of characteristics from various gods and mythical entities, Bes was celebrated for his roles as a protector, entertainer, and even a jester. Intriguingly, no grand temples were dedicated to him, and he lacked high-ranking priests; nonetheless, his popularity transcended social classes—from the regal elite to humble laborers. Accounts suggest that during religious ceremonies, individuals donned costumes resembling Bes to celebrate his spirit.
Evolution and Protective Attributes
Bes’s persona has transformed through the ages, merging characteristics with about a dozen other deities and spirits. His earlier incarnation was as Aha, the Fighter, depicted in resolute action as he strangled snakes—a symbol of protection that became associated with his presence on weapons and knives.
Bes’s distinct physical traits, including man-boobs and a rounded belly, served an intentional purpose; they evoked the qualities of a pregnant woman, solidifying his identity as a protector of expectant mothers. His likeness also appears on magical wands, believed to assist during childbirth and facilitate the passage of souls into the afterlife. Women experiencing labor were thought to benefit from his protective charm, especially when spells referenced a “dwarf of clay” placed on their abdomen—a poignant reminder of the dangers surrounding childbirth in that era. As he danced, clamored, and rattled a musical instrument to cast away malicious entities, Bes emerged symbolically with an exaggerated belly and ample breasts, reinforcing his commitment to safeguarding women and newborns.
Spreading Influence
As Bes’s popularity expanded throughout the Mediterranean, he evolved in representation, becoming more endowed to symbolize virility. He and his female counterpart, Beset, adorned incubation chambers where pilgrims sought divine intervention for infertility or impotence.
Even more famously, images of him have been discovered in archaeological sites like Pompeii, showcasing his enduring legacy and ability to resonate across cultures. This once seemingly ludicrous figure has captured the hearts and imaginations of many across generations.
Conclusion
During explorations of ancient Egyptian temples, keep an eye out for the whimsical figure of Bes—the dwarf deity with an endearing yet mischievous demeanor, tongue sticking out, and a promise of protection from harm while inviting laughter.
