Goibniu, a prominent figure in the Tuatha Dé Danann, represents one of the three deities associated with craftsmanship, known as na trídé dána, alongside Credne and Luchta. His legend is particularly highlighted in “Cath Maige Tuired” (The (Second) Battle of Mag Tuired), wherein he plays the role of an indefatigable smith, providing the spear that ultimately strikes down Balor’s eye through the hands of Lug Lámfhota. His skill in crafting deadly weapons is renowned.
Interestingly, T. F. O’Rahilly (1946) posits an intriguing theory linking Goibniu to thunder and lightning, suggesting a connection with Balor, as both can be traced to sun-related mythology. In this light, the spear bestowed upon Lug might symbolize a thunderbolt. Goibniu is not merely a craftsman but is also depicted as a warrior. A notable tale recounts an encounter with Rúadán, a Fomorian spy and the offspring of Bres and Brigit. After Rúadán drives one of his spears into Goibniu, the smith retrieves it from his own body and retaliates by killing the young man, prompting the grieving Bríg[h] to utter the first lamentation, known as a keening, in Ireland.
The genealogical records surrounding Goibniu are diverse. Some sources suggest he is a grandson of Néit, the god of war, who shares lineage with Balor. He is sometimes portrayed as one of Esarg’s four sons alongside Credne, Luchta, and Dian Cécht, the deity of healing. Alternate accounts name him as a sibling to figures like the Dagda, Nuadu Airgetlám, Credne, and Luchta, with whom he participated in the conquest of Ireland by the Tuatha Dé Danann. In some narratives, Tuirbe Trágmar, known for his expertise in axe-throwing and the father of Gobbán Saor, is cited as Goibniu’s father. Additionally, Goibniu is occasionally mentioned as the foster-father of Lug instead of Manannán mac Lir.
Not limited to smithing, Goibniu is also recognized for his healing capabilities; his name is invoked in an Old Irish charm believed to assist in thorn removal. He is also associated with an otherworldly banquet named Fled Goibnenn, where participants are said to consume vast amounts of an intoxicating brew akin to ale. Contrary to typical indulgence, those who partake in this feast are said to evade the effects of aging and decline. This aspect parallels the Greek smith-god Hephaestus, who similarly provides nourishment to the gods in the “Iliad”.
Goibniu’s forge, referred to as Cerdchae Ghaibhnenn, is traditionally located east of Mullaghmast hill in Glenn Treithim, situated along the Kildare-Wicklow border. This region, known for its rich deposits of copper ore, allowed early blacksmiths to craft shields and spear-points. Alternative traditions suggest the forge may have been located on the Beare peninsula in County Cork or in various other locales.
Elements of Goibniu’s character have persisted through the folkloric figure Gobbán Saor, with similar traits evident in the figure of Gaiblín, who is notable for owning the legendary cow Glas Ghaibhleann. His counterparts in Welsh mythology include Gofannon and Glwyddyn Saer.
